Kussmaul respirations are named after Adolph Kussmaul, a German physician who first described the pattern in 1874 while working with patients suffering from advanced diabetes. This breathing pattern ...

Of note, if the patient is bedfast, complete evaluation of respiratory efficiency is often less than optimal because chest expansion is not always symmetric and percussion notes may be less resonant.

The first critical breathing pattern involves quick, superficial breaths that fail to fully expand the lungs. This respiratory change often develops months before other heart failure symptoms become ...