Ion channels are narrow passageways that play a pivotal role in many biological processes. To model how ions move through these tight spaces, pores need to be fabricated at very small length scales.

Supernatants are recovered organelle factions of the cell produced after crystallization, precipitation, centrifugation, or other processes that separate cellular extracts. It is also called the ...

Researchers shrink solid-state nanopores to sub-nm size via voltage-driven precipitation/dissolution, creating tunable pores that mimic ion channels for studying confined ion transport.