The concept of entropy was originally applied in thermodynamics to represent the degree of disorder in molecules and later used to reflect the uncertainty of random events 27,28. With the ...

In modern wireless communication systems, data transmission is achieved through the collaboration of digital modulation circuits and antennas. Digital baseband signals are first modulated in terms of ...

I needed to test a UHF linear amplifier’s ability to deliver a low distortion AM signal output. Unfortunately, the output distortion requirement was better than the distortion limits of any commercial ...

RF signals historically are measured using spectrum analyzers, at least that was before oscilloscopes offered sufficient bandwidth for those measurements. With oscilloscope bandwidths over 100 GHz, RF ...