Modern cars are quite advanced. Cars equipped with different levels of autonomous driving, for example, are among the most technologically advanced vehicles on the road today, as are EVs and hybrids.

Tesla replaced the lead-acid low-voltage battery in its vehicles with a Li-ion counterpart in 2021. However, these batteries used NMC chemistry, thus having a higher voltage of 16 volts. The newer ...

Lead–acid batteries remain a cornerstone of energy storage, valued for their robustness, recyclability and cost‐effectiveness. Recent advancements have focused on enhancing the cycle life and ...