The most famous example of this is Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, in which he rang a bell every time he served the dog food. In response, the dog would start salivating whenever he heard the bell, as ...

In Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiments conditioning dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, timing mattered. The quicker the food followed the bell, the stronger the dog’s response the next time it rang ...

For a primer on consciousness and the brain, click here. When students first learn about Pavlov's dogs—dogs that learned to salivate to the sound of a bell (the "conditioned stimulus") when the bell ...